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4.7 - 4.9 Crude oil

4.7 - 4.9 Crude oil

IGCSE Chemistry Organic chemistry Crude oil

Crude oil is a major source of raw material for the petrochemical industry. 

3.17 - 3.22 Reversible reactions and equilibria

3.17 - 3.22 Reversible reactions and equilibria

IGCSE Chemistry Physical chemistry
Rocket fuel needs to react quickly in order to achieve lift off.
A question of balance

 Many chemical reactions can be reversed.   When this happens we can describe a forward reaction and a back reaction. Sometimes the forward and back reaction take place at equal rates. When this happens an Equilibrium is established  Students should: 3.17 know that some reactions are reversible and this is indicated by the symbo...

Diffusion

Diffusion

IGCSE Chemistry Sates of Matter

 Students should: 1.3 understand how the results of experiments involving the dilution of coloured solutionsand diffusion of gases can be explained This classic demonstration is used to demonstrate diffusion rates QuestionsAnswers in this reaction the two reactants are ammonia and hydrogen chloride write down the formula of each of these compo...

3.1 - 3.8 Energetics

3.1 - 3.8 Energetics

IGCSE Chemistry Physical chemistry Energetics
flames in a pizza oven
An exothermic reaction

 3.1 Energetics  Students should: 3.1 know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described asexothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic Every chemical reaction has an accompanying change in energy. Some reactions release energy to the surroundings and are known as Exothermic...

Acids, alkalis and salt preparations

Acids, alkalis and salt preparations

IGCSE Chemistry
Universal indicator solution can be used to indicate the acidity or alkalin

Enter your text here ... IntroductionPearson specification  A lot of everyday substances including some foods contain Acids.  You can find alkalis amongst a number of  common cleaning products.  Acids are neutralised by alkalis to form salts and water. Here we consider the ways in which these reactions can be used...

4.29 - 4.33 Alcohols
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
Ethanol is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks  4.29. Handle with care The alcohols are another homologous series like the alkanes and the alkenes. Alcohols contain a functional group made up of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom.  Ethanol is one member of the alcohol series. This is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks. Alcohols are good at dissolving things and are therefo...
4.23 - 4.38 The Alkenes
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
Limonene is an alkene which can be found in the skin of citrus fruits  4.23 Meet the alkenes The Alkenes are another Homologous series of Hydrocarbons. They differ from the Alkanes because they contain in their molecules at least one double bond between two of the carbon atoms. Because of their double bonds, the alkenes are more reactive than the alkanes and thus they are useful for making new compound...
4.19 - 4.22 Alkanes
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
Butane is used as a fuel. It is the fourth member of the alkanes.  4.19 Some saturated hydrocarbons The Alkane series is a family of hydrocarbons.  The technical name for this sort of  "family" is a "homologous series" The alkane molecules contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon only. The general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2 ​Assumed background knowledge 4.1 - 4.7 O...
Alkanes and alkenes
David Fowkes
Chemistry A Level
Butane is used as a fuel. It is the fourth member of the alkanes.  4.19 Some saturated hydrocarbons The Alkane series is a family of hydrocarbons.  The technical name for this sort of  "family" is a "homologous series" The alkane molecules contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon only. The general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2  4.19- 4.21 Activity 1. From one to ...
4.1 - 4.7 Organic chemistry
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
Organic chemistry is concerned with the compounds of the element carbon. Here we introduce the basic principles of this huge topic. 
Chemical tests
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
IntroductionPearson Specification Analytical chemistry involves the identification of chemical substances using a variety of methods. Although modern technology has enabled chemists to analyse and identify a huge range of substances very quickly and accurately some simple test tube reactions can still be quicker and cheaper to perform. 2....
2.34 - 2.43 Acids, alkalis and salt preparation
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
most salts are crystalline ionic compounds  2.34 Defining salts Common "table" salt ( sodium chloride) is found dissolved in large quantities in seawater.  Sodium Chloride is just one example of the many compounds which can be called salts. Most salts are crystalline ionic compounds A salt is defined as : A compound resulting from a chemical reaction of an acid...
2.45 - 2.50 Chemical tests (for ions)
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
Fireworks get their colours from the metal cations in them  2.45 - 2.46 Up in flames Fireworks produce a whole range of different colours. All fireworks release energy in the form of heat energy and are therefore exothermic.  Explosions and rocket power is provided by gunpowder and similar explosive mixtures. Colours are achieved by mixing compounds which contain various metal ions into the explo...
salt preparation
David Fowkes
Acids, alkalis and salt preparations
most salts are crystalline ionic compounds  Defining salts Common "table" salt ( sodium chloride) is found dissolved in large quantities in seawater.  Sodium Chloride is just one example of the many compounds which can be called salts. Most salts are crystalline ionic compounds A salt is defined as : A compound resulting from a chemical reaction of an acid, in ...
2.28 Acids, alkalis and titrations
David Fowkes
IGCSE Chemistry
The pH of everyday substances and their pH values can be found using universal indicator Acids and alkalis are all around us; many everyday foods, drinks, cleaning products are acidic or alkaline. Study the image of the pH scale "wheel". This scale gives a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A value of pH 7 is regarded as neutral . Substances with a pH  value greater than 7 are regarded as alkaline ...

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